1. Downcast 2 9 1982
2. Downcast 2 9 1992

In class-based programming, downcasting or type refinement is the act of casting a reference of a base class to one of its derived classes.

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In many programming languages, it is possible to check through type introspection to determine whether the type of the referenced object is indeed the one being cast to or a derived type of it, and thus issue an error if it is not the case.

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In other words, when a variable of the base class (parent class) has a value of the derived class (child class), downcasting is possible.

Examples[edit]

Java[edit]

C++[edit]

Uses[edit]

Downcasting is useful when the type of the value referenced by the Parent variable is known and often is used when passing a value as a parameter. Casino top 10. In the below example, the method objectToString takes an Object parameter which is assumed to be of type String.

In this approach, downcasting prevents the compiler from detecting a possible error and instead causes a run-time error.Downcasting myObject to String ('(String)myObject') was not possible at compile time because there are times that myObject is String type, so only at run time can we figure out whether the parameter passed in is logical. While we could also convert myObject to a compile-time String using the universal java.lang.Object.toString(), this would risk calling the default implementation of toString() where it was unhelpful or insecure, and exception handling could not prevent this.

In C++, run-time type checking is implemented through dynamic_cast. Compile-time downcasting is implemented by static_cast, but this operation performs no type check. Jetbrains phpstorm 2017 3 1. Antivirus one pro 3 4 000. If it is used improperly, it could produce undefined behavior.

Criticism[edit]

Downcast 2 9 1982

Some languages, such as OCaml, disallow downcasting altogether.^[1]

A popular example of a badly considered design is containers of top types,^{[citation needed]} like the Java containers before Java generics were introduced, which requires downcasting of the contained objects so that they can be used again.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Vouillon, Jérôme; Rémy, Didier; Garrigue, Jacques (September 12, 2013). 'Objects in OCaml'. The OCaml system release 4.01 : Documentation and user's manual.

External links[edit]

• Downcasting is a Code Smell by Jeremy D. Miller
• A downcasting tragedy by Jimmy Bogard
• Prefer polymorphism over instanceof and downcasting by Bill Venners
• Downcasting in C# by Scott Lysle
• Upcasting, downcasting by Sinipull

English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle English*doun-casten, *adoun-casten (inferred from Middle Englishadoun-casting(“downcasting”), adoun-cast(“overthrow, destruction”)), modelled similarly to other constructions in Middle English (namely, Middle Englishadoun-throwen(“to throw down”), adoun-werpen(“to throw down”)), equivalent to down- +‎ cast. Virtualhostx 8 5 0 cm.

Downcast 2 9 1992

Pronunciation[edit]

• (adjective, noun)IPA^(key): /ˈdaʊnkæst/, /ˈdaʊnkɑːst/

  • Audio (UK)

• (verb)IPA^(key): /daʊnˈkæst/, /daʊnˈkɑːst/

  • Audio (UK)

Adjective[edit]

downcast (comparativemore downcast, superlativemost downcast) Best blackjack in vegas.

1. (of eyes) Looking downwards.
   • 1717, John Dryden, Canace to Macareus

     'Tis love, said she; and then my downcast eyes, / And guilty dumbness, witness'd my surprise.

2. (of a person) Feeling despondent.

Translations[edit]

Noun[edit]

downcast (pluraldowncasts)

1. (computing) A cast from supertype to subtype.
2. (obsolete) A melancholylook.
   • 1619, Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy

     That downcast of thine eye.

3. (mining) A ventilating shaft down which the air passes in circulating through a mine.

Verb[edit]

downcast (third-person singular simple presentdowncasts, present participledowncasting, simple past and past participledowncastordowncasted)

1. (transitive,obsolete) To cast or throw down; to turn downward.
2. (transitive,Scotland) To taunt; to reproach; to upbraid.
3. (transitive,computing) To cast from supertype to subtype.

   Antonym:upcast

Anagrams[edit]